I-Amnesia: Inkcazo, iintlobo kunye nefuthe kwimemori

I-Amnesia, into entsonkothileyo, ibhekisa ekulahlekelweni yinkumbulo ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo. Kwabaninzi, i-amnesia ihlala iyimfihlakalo ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga Inkcazo ye-amnesia, ukuhlalutya iintlobo zayo, iimpawu, izizathu kunye neempembelelo. Injongo yethu kukucacisa le ngcamango ukunika umbono wehlabathi jikelele, kude neengcamango esele zikho.

Yintoni amnesia?

I-Amnesia ichazwa njengophazamiseko lwenkumbulo olubonakaliswa kukungakwazi ukukhumbula iziganeko ezidlulileyo okanye ukufunda ulwazi olutsha. Oku kungasebenzi kungabangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokwenzakala kwengqondo, izifo eziphazamisayo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngokungafaniyo nokulahleka kwememori okuqhelekileyo ngenxa yobudala, i-amnesia ibukhali kwaye ichaphazela kakhulu ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Abantu abane-amnesia banokukhumbula iziganeko ezithile kodwa balibale ngokupheleleyo ngamanye amaxesha obomi babo. Le ngxaki inokuba yethutyana okanye isigxina, kuxhomekeke kwimeko.

Iintlobo eziphambili ze-amnesia

I-Amnesia iza kwiindidi ezininzi, nganye ineempawu ezithile kunye nezizathu. Nazi iifom eziqhelekileyo:

1. I-Anterograde amnesia

Olu hlobo lwe-amnesia lubangela ukungakwazi ukudala iinkumbulo ezintsha emva kwesiganeko esichukumisayo, njengokulimala kwentloko. Iinkumbulo ezenziwe ngaphambi kokuba esi siganeko sihlala sigcinwa, kodwa isigulana asikwazi ukugcina ulwazi olutsha ixesha elide. Ngenxa yoko, usenokuphinda umbuzo ofanayo izihlandlo eziliqela engakhumbuli ukuba sele ewubuzile.

Iimpawu zophawu:

• Ukulibala iziganeko zamva nje
• Ubunzima bokukhumbula amagama okanye ubuso
• Ukungakwazi ukugcina ulwazi olutsha

2. Retrograde amnesia

I-Retrograde amnesia ibhekisa ekulahlekeni kweenkumbulo ezenziweyo phambi kwesiganeko esimanyumnyezi. Iinkumbulo zamva nje zihlala zichaphazeleka kakhulu, ngelixa iinkumbulo zakudala zisenokuhlala zinjalo. Olu hlobo lweamnesia luxhaphakile kubantu abafumene ingozi okanye abothuke kakhulu ngokweemvakalelo.

Iimpawu zophawu:

• Ukulahleka kweenkumbulo zamva nje
• Ukugcina iinkumbulo zobuntwana okanye iinkumbulo zakudala
• Ukubhideka malunga neziganeko ezithile kwixesha labo elidlulileyo

3. I-amnesia edlulayo yehlabathi

I-amnesia ye-transient global luhlobo lwe-amnesia yethutyana, apho umntu engakwazi ukukhumbula iziganeko zamva nje okanye enze iinkumbulo ezintsha kwixesha elilinganiselweyo. Le nto idla ngokuhlala phakathi kwemizuzu embalwa kunye neeyure ezimbalwa. Emva kwesiqendu, inkumbulo ibuyela kwisiqhelo, nangona umntu esenokungakhumbuli isiganeko.

Izinto ezinokubangela:

• Uxinzelelo olukhulu
• Imizamo ebalulekileyo yomzimba
• Ubushushu buguquka ngesiquphe

4. Dissociative amnesia

Olu hlobo lweamnesia lusoloko lunxulunyaniswa namava abuhlungu, yaye luxhaphakile ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo. uxinzelelo lwasemva kokwenzakala (PTSD). I-amnesia ye-dissociative inokubangela ukulahleka kwememori ekhethiweyo, apho umntu elibala iinkalo ezithile zexesha elidlulileyo ezinxulumene nesiganeko esibuhlungu.

Iimpawu zophawu:

• Ukulibala iziganeko ezithile ezinxulumene nokwenzakala
• Iibhloko zememori ezinxulunyaniswa namaxesha athile obomi
• Ukuziva ubhidekile ngembali yakhe yobuqu

Izizathu ze-amnesia

Izizathu ze-amnesia ziyahlukahluka kwaye zinokunxulumana nezinto zomzimba, zemithambo-luvo okanye ngokwasengqondweni. Naba oonobangela abaphambili abachongiweyo:

1. Oonobangela be-Neurological

Esinye sezizathu eziqhelekileyo ze-amnesia kukulimala kwengqondo. Zinokuthi zenzeke emva kokwenzakala kwentloko, isifo sohlangothi, okanye usulelo lobuchopho. Kwezi meko, iindawo zobuchopho ezinoxanduva lwenkumbulo, njengehippocampus, zinokonakala.

2. Imiba yezengqondo

I-Psychological or dissociative amnesia idla ngokuvela emva kwesiganeko esibuhlungu. Olu hlobo lwe-amnesia lusebenza njengendlela yokuzikhusela, apho ingqondo ngokuzithandela “ilibala” iinkumbulo ezithile ukuphepha ukubandezeleka kwengqondo.3. Izifo eziphazamisayo

Ezinye izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, ezifana nesifo se-Alzheimer, zibangela ukulahleka kwememori okuqhubekayo. I-Amnesia ke iluphawu lokuncipha kwengqondo ngokubanzi, engachaphazeli inkumbulo kuphela, kodwa kunye neminye imisebenzi yengqondo.

4. Izinto ezinetyhefu

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto ezifana notywala okanye iziyobisi ezithile kunokubangela iingxaki zokukhumbula. Utywala, umzekelo, uyaziwa ngokubangela ukucima, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa okungapheliyo kunokukhokelela kwi-Korsakoff syndrome, uhlobo lwe-amnesia enzima edibene nokungabikho kwe-vitamin B1.

Iziphumo ze-amnesia kubomi bemihla ngemihla

I-Amnesia inokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla yalabo abachaphazelekayo, okukhokelela kubunzima kwiindawo zomntu, intlalontle kunye nezobugcisa.

1. Impembelelo yomntu

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, i-amnesia ichaphazela ukukwazi ukukhumbula iziganeko zamva nje, ezinokuphazamisa iindlela ezisisiseko kunye nemisebenzi. Abantu abane-amnesia banokuba nobunzima bokukhumbula abantu ababathandayo okanye izinto eziqhelekileyo, ezinokubangela ukuxhalaba kunye neemvakalelo zokudideka.

2. Impembelelo kubudlelwane boluntu

I-Amnesia inokwenzakalisa ubudlelwane boluntu, njengoko abantu abachaphazelekayo banokulibala iziganeko ekwabelwana ngazo nabo babathandayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungaqondani nakwiingxabano, ngakumbi ekubeni umntu oneamnesia usenokungasiqondi isizathu sokuba iziganeko ezithile zibonakale zingaqhelekanga kubo.

3. Iingxaki zobungcali

Kwimekobume yobungcali, i-amnesia inokwenza imisebenzi yomsebenzi ibe nzima ukuyifeza. Abantu banokulibala ulwazi olubalulekileyo, basilele ukukhumbula iintlanganiso ezibalulekileyo, okanye balahlekelwe ngumkhondo weeprojekthi zangoku, ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwabo.

Imida yenkumbulo yomntu kunye nokuqonda i-amnesia

Inkumbulo yomntu yinto entsonkothileyo kwaye ibuthathaka. I-Amnesia iqaqambisa imida yokukwazi kwethu ukugcina nokufumana ulwazi. Ngokuhlalutya i-amnesia, siqonda ngcono ukuba inkumbulo ayiyonto “yovimba” elula: iphenjelelwa ziimvakalelo zethu, amava ethu kunye nezinto zebhayoloji nezengqondo.

Ngamafutshane, i-amnesia yinto echaphazela iinkumbulo zomntu ngendlela engaphantsi okanye enzulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nezizathu ezisisiseko. Ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-amnesia kusenza sikwazi ukujongana ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi nolu tshintsho lwenkumbulo yomntu, okungekho nje ukulahlekelwa kweenkumbulo, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kweziseko zesazisi kunye namava omntu ngamnye.

I-Bibliographic reference kwi-amnesia

Nazi izingqinisiso ezisixhenxe zebhayibhilografi yezenzululwazi ngesiFrentshi kumxholo weamnesia:

1. Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2014). Amnésies : quand la mémoire déraille. Dans Le cerveau et la pensée (pp. 227-230). Paris : Éditions Le Pommier.
2. Thomas-Anterion, C., & Desestret, V. (2017). Les mémoires d’un oublieux : le point de vue d’un amnésique. Revue de neuropsychologie, 9(2), 99-107.
3. Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2014). La mémoire, les amnésies et les lobes frontaux. Revue de neuropsychologie, 6(4), 282-285.
4. Thomas-Antérion, C. (2017). Les syndromes amnésiques : du neurone à la prise en charge. Revue de neuropsychologie, 9(4), 207-212.
5. Freud, S. (1893). Amnésie – Aphasie. Essaim, 2015/2 (n° 35), 125-132.
6. Cohen, N. J. (2022). Neal J. Cohen. Wikipédia.
7. Collectif. (2024). Pourquoi oublions-nous nos souvenirs d’enfance ?. Le Monde.

Ukuqukumbela

I-Amnesia yingxaki yememori eyinkimbinkimbi enokubonakala ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye ibe nezizathu ezininzi. Enoba yeyexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina, iamnesia iselucelomngeni olukhulu, kwabo bachaphazelekayo nakwabo babathandayo. Ngokuqonda ngcono le nto, kuba kunokwenzeka ukuchonga iindlela zokukhumbula abantu kunye nokubonelela ngokukhanya okukhanyayo kwimiphumo yale ngxaki kubomi bemihla ngemihla.