Conditioning: Incazelo, izimiso kanye nezindlela

Le ukulungiswa Ukulungisa isimo kuyinqubo lapho imibono, izinkolelo, noma ukuziphatha kufakwa noma kuqiniswa khona kumuntu noma eqenjini. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukene—kungaba ezemfundo, ezenhlalo, ezepolitiki, noma ezentengiselwano—ukulungisa isimo kusebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuthonya nokubumba indlela abantu abacabanga futhi benze ngayo. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola ngokujulile umqondo “wencazelo yokulungisa isimo” kanye nezindlela eziyisisekelo, sithatha izibonelo zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi.

Yini i-conditioning? Incazelo nomqondo

I-Conditioning, ku-psychology, isho iqoqo lezinqubo lapho ukuziphatha noma impendulo iqiniswa ukuchayeka kaningi kusisusa esithile. Lesi simo sisekelwe ezimisweni zokuphindaphinda nokuhlanganisa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umuntu ehlangabezana nesimo esithile, isikhuthazo, noma igama, kancane kancane athuthukisa impendulo ezenzakalelayo, ecishe ifane ne-reflexive. Ngakho-ke ukubeka isimo kuyindlela yokufunda nokusabela ezehlakalweni ezisizungezile, okuthonya ukuziphatha kwethu nokwahlulela.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zesimo ku-psychology: i-classical conditioning kanye ne-operant conditioning. Ngamunye wabo usebenzisa izindlela nezinjongo ezahlukene ukuze abe nomthelela ekuziphatheni.

I-Classical Conditioning: Ukufunda ngeNhlangano

I-Classical conditioning, etholwe isazi sokusebenza komzimba u-Ivan Pavlov, isekelwe esimisweni sokuhlangana. Ngokudalula umuntu ezintweni ezimbili ngokuphindaphindiwe, kungenzeka ukudala ukuxhumana phakathi kwakho kokubili. Isibonelo, uma umsindo othile uhlotshaniswa nesenzakalo esijabulisayo, lowo msindo ungase uvuse imizwa eyakhayo njalo lapho uzwakala.

Emphakathini wethu, i-classical conditioning isetshenziselwa ukuthonya imibono nemizwelo yabantu. Isibonelo, kumongo wezepolitiki, ukuhlotshaniswa kwamagama anjengokuthi “inkululeko”, “izwe lakubo” noma “ukulingana” nezithombe zenhlalakahle nezimo zokuphepha ukuze abantu bamukele futhi bazise imibono noma izinkulumo. Amagama, ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ahlotshaniswe nezindinganiso ezinhle, kancane kancane abeka abantu ngabanye ukuze abanikeze ukubaluleka okungokwemvelo.

I-Operant Conditioning: Ukufunda Ngemiphumela

Isimo sokusebenza, esifundiswa ngu-B.F. Skinner, sibandakanya ukufunda ngemiphumela. Lolu hlobo lwesimo luncike ekuqinisweni noma ekujezisweni ukuze kugqugquzelwe noma kuthene amandla ukuziphatha okuthile. Isibonelo, ingane ethola umvuzo ngokuziphatha kahle izofakwa esimweni sokuphinda ikhiqize lokho kuziphatha.

Ohlakeni lwezenhlalo noma lwezepolitiki, lo mgomo uhumusha imivuzo engokomfanekiso noma izijeziso. Izinkulumo ezazisa izimfanelo ezithile noma ukuziphatha kuqinisa lezi zici kumuntu ngamunye. Ngokuphambene, labo ababagxekayo noma abalulazayo babeka abantu ukuba bagweme lezi zindlela zokuziphatha. Isibonelo, izinkulumo ezisa “ubumbano” noma “ubumbano” zikhuthaza ukuziphatha okuvumelanayo, kuyilapho labo abaphonsela inselelo lawa manani ngezinye izikhathi bathathwa ngokuthi “okuphambene” noma “okubi.”

Isimo ngamagama: Umthelela wezinkulumo nokuxhumana

Amagama adlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokubeka isimo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezepolitiki nezenhlalo. Izinkulumo zenzelwe ukusebenzisa amagama angukhiye athinta imizwa yomuntu ngamunye kanye nobunikazi bakhe. Lawa magama, njengokuthi “izwe lakubo,” “inkululeko,” “ukulingana,” kanye “namagugu,” awasetshenziswa nje kuphela ukuqinisa isithombe esithile somphakathi, kodwa futhi ukubeka abantu ngabanye ukuba baphendule ngezindlela ezibikezelwe.

Ukuphindaphindwa njalo kwalawa magama ezinkulumweni zezombusazwe, abezindaba, ngisho nezemfundo kudala uhlaka lwengqondo lapho abantu bezizwa bephephile lapho bebambelela kule miqondo. Isimo samagama sisebenza njengohlaka lokuqonda, okwakha umbono omuhle wamanani athile. Le nqubo iqhathaniseka nomphumela wokulutha: amagama aphindaphindiwe agxilisa izithombe nezinkolelo engqondweni, okwenza kube nzima ukubuza noma ukucabanga ngokujulile.

Ukubeka isimo kanye nokukhohlisa: Indaba yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle

I-conditioning ingaba yithuluzi lokukhohlisa uma isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukuziphatha nezinkolelo endaweni ethile, ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bazi ngokugcwele. Esimeni sezombangazwe, lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi ezingxoxweni ezifuna ukudala ukuphikiswa phakathi kwamanani “okuhle” kanye “nokubi”. Osopolitiki, isibonelo, bangasebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi “ukuphepha,” “inkululeko,” kanye “nobuzwe” ukuze babeke ukusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo ezithile, bahlobanise noma yikuphi ukuphikisa nokuziphatha “okubi” noma “okuphikisayo” noma amanani.

Lolu hlobo lwesimo ludala indawo lapho noma yikuphi ukubuza kuba nzima, nokungamukeleki. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungafinyelela ohlotsheni lokulawula ukucabanga, lapho abantu bengasazizwa bekhululekile ukungabaza amanani abekwe kubo. Ngokukhohlisa amagama nemibono, izikhungo nabaholi bakha indawo efanayo yokucabanga enciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono nemibono.

Umthelela wokubekwa kwesimo kwezemfundo nabezindaba

Imfundo kanye nabezindaba kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokubeka isimo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, abantu bavezwa kumagugu nemiqondo okuthi, ephindaphindwayo kuso sonke isikhathi sokufunda kwabo, idale izinhlaka zengqondo eziqinile nezihlala njalo. Isibonelo, izincwadi zokufunda, othisha kanye nezinkulumo zesikhungo zisebenzisa amagama angukhiye nemiqondo okuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yakha umbono othile womhlaba.

Imithombo yezindaba yona iqinisa lesi simo ngokusakaza njalo imiyalezo efanayo. Ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama afanayo nemiqondo kukho konke ukusakazwa, izindaba zezindaba, nemibiko kulolonga izinkolelo zababukeli nokusabela kwabo. Ngokuchayeka njalo ezingxoxweni ezilinganiselwe, abantu ngabanye bahlanganisa izindlela zokucabanga ezithonya indlela ababona ngayo umhlaba.

Imiphumela yesimo ekuboneni nasekuziphatheni

I-conditioning inemiphumela ejulile ekuboneni nasekuziphatheni komuntu. Abantu abanezimo ezithile ngokuvamile abathambekele kangako ekubuzeni imibono eyamukelwe futhi babe nombono wezwe ovumelana nalowo abawufundisiwe. Lesi simo siphumela ekwamukelweni okungenzi lutho kwamagugu nezinkolelo ezivelele, ngisho noma lezi zingahambelani neqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Lesi simo siphinde sibeke umkhawulo ekucabangeni okujulile kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo somuntu siqu. Abantu abaphethwe isimo kusukela besebancane bangase bazithole besesimweni sokuncika emibonweni yangaphandle nezinkulumo. Ikhono labo lokuhlola ulwazi ngobuqotho liyancishiswa, okuholela ekwamukeleni izimo ezingase zibonakale zingalungile noma zingashintshi.

Ukumelana Nesimo: Ukuthola kabusha Ukucabanga Okubalulekile

Ukubeka isimo akuyona, nokho, inqubo engenakuhlehliswa. Kungenzeka ukuqaphela ithonya lezinkulumo futhi uphinde uthole ukucabanga okujulile. Ukwenza lokhu, kubalulekile ukufunda ukungabaza izindinganiso nezinkolelo ezifakwe izinkulumo ezivelele. Le ndlela ihilela ukuzindla komuntu siqu, ukufuna olunye ulwazi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinkulumo nemiqondo esizungezile.

Ngokubuza amanani namagama asetshenziswa kaningi enkulumweni, abantu bangathuthukisa umbono ohluke kakhulu. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi bahlehle futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi, ngokuhambisana nezimiso nezinkolelo zabo, kunokuba bavele bakhiqize kabusha ukuziphatha nezinkolelo ezibekwe kuzo.

Ireferensi ye-bibliographic emaphaketheni

Nazi izikhombo zebhayibheli eziyisikhombisa ngesihloko sokupakisha:

1. Clement, Celine. Ukufunda nokubeka isimo. EParis: Dunod, 2006.
2. Richel, Marc. Isimo. I-Encyclopædia Universalis.
3. Skinner, Burrhus Frederic. Isayensi nokuziphatha komuntu. I-Paris: Ngo-2008.
4. Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich. I-reflexes enemibandela. I-Paris: Izinguqulo ze-House of Human Sciences, 1993.
5. Inkinobho, uMark E. Ukufunda Nokuziphatha: Umbono Wamanje. EBrussels: De Boeck Supérieur, 2016.
6. U-Doron, u-Roland, no-Parot, u-Françoise (eds.). Isichazamazwi sokusebenza kwengqondo. I-Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001.
7. Richel, Marc. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.

Lezi zithenjwa zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwesimo emkhakheni wezengqondo.

Isiphetho

Isimo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisetshenziswa ezimweni zemfundo, zezombusazwe, noma zezenhlalo, iyithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula imibono nokuziphatha. Ngokuphindaphinda amagama angukhiye namagugu, kuthinta indlela abantu ababona ngayo futhi bahumushe ngayo umhlaba obazungezile. Kodwa-ke, ukuqaphela le nqubo kuvula indlela yokucabanga okujulile kanye nenkululeko yokucabanga, okuvumela abantu ukuba bazikhulule ethonyeni lezinkulumo ezivelele. Ukuqonda incazelo yesimo nezindlela zakhona kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzimela ngokobuhlakani kanye nenkululeko yeqiniso yokucabanga.