I-Amnesia: Incazelo, Izinhlobo kanye Nomthelela Enkumbulo

I-Amnesia, into eyinkimbinkimbi, ibhekisela ekulahlekelweni kwenkumbulo ingxenye noma okuphelele. Kwabaningi, i-amnesia iseyimpicabadala ngenxa yezinhlobo zayo nezimbangela ezihlukahlukene. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola incazelo ye-amnesia, ngokuhlaziya izinhlobo zayo, izimpawu, izimbangela kanye nomthelela. Umgomo wethu uwukucacisa lo mqondo ukuze sinikeze umbono womhlaba wonke, kude nemibono ecatshangwe ngaphambili.

Iyini i-amnesia?

I-Amnesia ichazwa njengokukhubazeka kwenkumbulo okubonakala njengokungakwazi ukukhumbula izehlakalo ezedlule noma ukufunda ulwazi olusha. Lokhu kungasebenzi kungabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene, njengokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo, izifo eziwohlokayo noma ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngokungafani nokulahlekelwa inkumbulo okuhlobene neminyaka yobudala, i-amnesia inzima kakhulu futhi ithinta kakhulu impilo yansuku zonke.

Abantu abane-amnesia bangase bakhumbule izenzakalo ezithile kodwa bakhohlwe ngokuphelele ezinye izikhathi zokuphila kwabo. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kungaba okwesikhashana noma unomphela, kuye ngesimo.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-amnesia

I-Amnesia iza ngezinhlobo eziningana, ngayinye inezici ezithile nezimbangela. Nawa amafomu avame kakhulu:

1. I-Anterograde amnesia

Lolu hlobo lwe-amnesia lubangela ukungakwazi ukudala izinkumbulo ezintsha ngemva kwesenzakalo esivusa amadlingozi, njengokulimala ekhanda. Izinkumbulo ezidalwe ngaphambi kwalo mcimbi ngokuvamile ziyagcinwa, kodwa isiguli ngeke sisakwazi ukugcina ulwazi olusha isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, angase aphinde umbuzo ofanayo izikhathi eziningana ngaphandle kokukhumbula ukuthi wayesewubuzile kakade.

Izimpawu zesici:

• Ukukhohlwa izehlakalo zakamuva
• Ubunzima bokukhumbula amagama noma ubuso
• Ukungakwazi ukugcina ulwazi olusha

2. Retrograde amnesia

I-Retrograde amnesia ibhekisela ekulahlekelweni kwezinkumbulo ezakheka ngaphambi kwesenzakalo esibuhlungu. Izinkumbulo zakamuva zivame ukuthinteka kakhulu, kuyilapho izinkumbulo ezindala zingase zihlale zinjalo. Lolu hlobo lwe-amnesia luvamile kubantu abaye babhekana nengozi noma ukushaqeka okukhulu ngokomzwelo.

Izimpawu zesici:

• Ukulahlekelwa izinkumbulo zakamuva
• Ukugcina izinkumbulo zobuntwana noma izinkumbulo zakudala
• Ukudideka mayelana nemicimbi ethile yesikhathi esidlule

3. I-amnesia yomhlaba wonke edlulayo

I-Transient global amnesia wuhlobo lwe-amnesia yesikhashana, lapho umuntu engakwazi ukukhumbula izehlakalo zakamuva noma enze izinkumbulo ezintsha isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Lesi simo ngokuvamile sithatha phakathi kwemizuzu embalwa namahora ambalwa. Ngemva kwesiqephu, inkumbulo ibuyela kwesejwayelekile, nakuba umuntu engase angasikhumbuli isenzakalo.

Izimbangela ezingenzeka:

• Ukucindezeleka okukhulu
• Umzamo omkhulu womzimba
• Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa

4. Dissociative amnesia

Lolu hlobo lokukhohlwa luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu, futhi luvame kakhulu uma kunezinkinga ze- ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka (PTSD). Ukukhohlwa okuhlukanisayo kungabangela ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo okukhethayo, lapho umuntu ekhohlwa khona izici ezithile zesikhathi sakhe esidlule ezihlobene nesenzakalo esibuhlungu.

Izimpawu zesici:

• Ukukhohlwa izehlakalo ezithile ezihlobene nokuhlukumezeka
• Amabhulokhi enkumbulo ahlobene nezikhathi ezithile zokuphila
• Ukuzizwa udidekile ngomlando womuntu siqu

Izinkinga ze-amnesia

Izimbangela ze-amnesia zihlukahlukene futhi zingahlotshaniswa nezici zomzimba, izinzwa noma ezengqondo. Nazi izimbangela eziyinhloko ezihlonziwe:

1. Izimbangela ze-Neurological

Ukulimala kobuchopho kungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu ze-amnesia. Zingenzeka ngemva kokulimala kwekhanda, unhlangothi, noma izifo zobuchopho. Kulezi zimo, izindawo zobuchopho ezinesibopho senkumbulo, njenge-hippocampus, zingase zilimale.

2. Izici ezingokwengqondo

I-amnesia yengqondo noma ye-dissociative ngokuvamile ivela ngemva kwesigameko esibuhlungu. Lolu hlobo lwe-amnesia lusebenza njengendlela yokuzivikela, lapho ubuchopho ngokuzithandela “bukhohlwa” izinkumbulo ezithile ukugwema ukuhlupheka kwengqondo.3. Izifo eziwohlokayo

Ezinye izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, njenge-Alzheimer’s, ziholela ekulahlekelweni kwenkumbulo okuqhubekayo. I-Amnesia bese iwuphawu lokuncipha kwengqondo emhlabeni wonke, okungaphazamisi inkumbulo kuphela, kodwa neminye imisebenzi yobuhlakani.

4. Izinto ezinobuthi

Ukusebenzisa kabi izinto ezinjengotshwala noma izidakamizwa ezithile kungabangela izinkinga zenkumbulo. Utshwala, isibonelo, baziwa ngokubangela ukucisha ugesi, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa okungapheli kungaholela ku-Korsakoff syndrome, uhlobo olunzima lwe-amnesia oluhlobene nokuntuleka kwevithamini B1.

Imiphumela ye-amnesia empilweni yansuku zonke

I-Amnesia ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zansuku zonke zalabo abathintekile, okuholela ebunzimeni ezindaweni zomuntu siqu, zezenhlalo nezomsebenzi.

1. Umthelela womuntu siqu

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, i-amnesia ithinta ikhono lokukhumbula izehlakalo zakamuva, ezingaphazamisa izinqubo nemisebenzi eyisisekelo. Abantu abane-amnesia bangase babe nobunzima bokukhumbula abathandekayo noma imisebenzi yabo evamile, okungaholela ekukhathazekeni nasekudidekeni.

2. Umthelela ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi

I-Amnesia ingase futhi ithinte ubudlelwano bomphakathi, njengoba labo abathintekayo bangase bakhohlwe izehlakalo ezabiwe nabathandekayo. Lokhu kungase kubangele ukungezwani nezingxabano, ikakhulukazi njengoba umuntu oneamnesia angase angaqondi ukuthi kungani izenzakalo ezithile zibonakala zingajwayelekile kuye.

3. Izinkinga zomsebenzi

Emsebenzini, i-amnesia ingenza imisebenzi yomsebenzi ibe nzima ukuyifeza. Abantu bangase bakhohlwe ulwazi olubalulekile, bahluleke ukukhumbula imihlangano ebalulekile, noma balahlekelwe umkhondo wamaphrojekthi aqhubekayo, angaphazamisa ukusebenza kwawo.

Imikhawulo Yenkumbulo Yomuntu Nokuqonda I-Amnesia

Inkumbulo yomuntu iwumshini oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ontekenteke. I-Amnesia igqamisa imikhawulo yekhono lethu lokugcina nokuthola ulwazi. Ngokuhlaziya i-amnesia, siqonda kangcono ukuthi inkumbulo ayiyona “ingobo yomlando” elula: ithonywa imizwelo yethu, esihlangabezane nakho ngisho nayizici zebhayoloji nezengqondo.

Ngamafuphi, i-amnesia yinto ethinta izinkumbulo zomuntu ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane kuye ngohlobo nezimbangela eziwumsuka. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukene ze-amnesia kusivumela ukuthi sisondele ngokunembe kakhudlwana kulokhu kuguqulwa kwenkumbulo yomuntu, okungekona nje ukulahlekelwa izinkumbulo, kodwa ukuphazanyiswa kwezisekelo zobunikazi nolwazi lomuntu ngamunye.

Ireferensi yezincwadi ze-amnesia

Nazi izikhombo zomlando zesayensi eziyisikhombisa ngesiFulentshi ngendikimba ye-amnesia:

1. U-Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2014). I-Amnesia: lapho inkumbulo iphuma emijahweni. e Ingqondo nokucabanga (amakhasi 227-230). Paris: Le Pommier Editions.
2. U-Thomas-Anterion, C., & Desestret, V. (2017). Izikhumbuzo Zendoda Ekhohlwayo: Umbono We-Amnesiac. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuropsychology, 9 (2), 99-107.
3. U-Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2014). Inkumbulo, i-amnesia kanye ne-lobes yangaphambili. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuropsychology, 6 (4), 282-285.
4. U-Thomas-Antérion, C. (2017). I-Amnesic Syndromes: kusuka ku-neuron kuya ekwelapheni. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Neuropsychology, 9 (4), 207-212.
5. UFreud, S. (1893). I-Amnesia – i-Aphasia. Igquma, 2015/2 (n° 35), 125-132.
6. Cohen, NJ (2022). Neal J. Cohen. Wikipedia.
7. Iqoqo. (2024). Kungani sizikhohlwa izinkumbulo zethu zasebuntwaneni?. Okwezwe.

Isiphetho

I-Amnesia iwukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo okuyinkimbinkimbi okungabonakala ngezindlela eziningi futhi kube nezimbangela eziningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhashana noma unomphela, i-amnesia iseyinselele enkulu, kulabo abathintekile nakubathandekayo babo. Ngokusiqonda kangcono lesi simo, kuba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza izinqubo zenkumbulo yomuntu nokunikeza umbono onolwazi ngemiphumela yalesi sifo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.